![]() ![]() Food and Drug Administration (FDA) An agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. Engineered stem cell A stem cell that has been modified in the laboratory to give it specific properties. Use of this type of stem cell has significantly decreased in recent years due to the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cell A type of undifferentiated stem cell found in embryos. All programs in the center include efforts across these three areas. See also "undifferentiated." Discovery-translation-application A three-stage continuum in the Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics that represents basic science research (discovery), the movement of those laboratory findings into clinical trials and testing (translation), and their introduction into patient care (application). Differentiation The process by which an undifferentiated stem cell becomes a specialized cell type, such as a heart cell or brain cell. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease), osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. See also "re-cellularization" and "scaffold." Degenerative disease A disease that causes tissues or organs to deteriorate in structure or function over time. Decellularization The process of removing all the cells from a donor organ, such as a heart or lung, leaving behind just a tissue scaffold. CGMP is the main regulatory standard in ensuring safety and pharmaceutical quality for the manufacture of medicinal products. Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) Regulations enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that assure proper design, monitoring and control of manufacturing processes and facilities. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is an example. Congenital disorder A disorder present at birth. Examples include hand and face transplants. Composite tissue allotransplantation Transplanting a combination of tissues, such as skin, muscle, nerves, cartilage and more, from one person to another. Treatments studied in clinical trials might be new therapeutics, new surgical procedures or devices, or new ways to use existing treatments. Clinical trial A type of research study in which researchers learn if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Examples include heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes. Chronic disease A noncommunicable condition that is long lasting, does not resolve on its own and typically cannot be entirely cured. The Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics is developing regenerative cellular therapies for more than a dozen conditions. Cell therapy Using specific types of stem cells to repair damaged tissues and treat disease. It may be performed using cells from the patient's own body (autologous transplant) or cells from a donor (allogeneic transplant). Bone marrow transplant A medical procedure in which healthy bone marrow stem cells are injected into the body to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow. See also "islets of Langerhans." Bioethics The study of ethical, legal, policy and social issues as they relate to new biological discoveries and biomedical advances. ![]() ![]() Beta cell dysfunction is a characteristic of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Beta cell An insulin-producing cell type found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Axon A nerve fiber that transmits signals away from the neuronal cell body and to the next nerve synapse. Compare with "allogeneic transplantation." Axogenesis Growth of nerve axons. This is a treatment option for some blood cancers, such as leukemia. Autologous transplantation (autotransplantation) Transplanting tissues or cells from one area of a person's own body to another. It is probable that apoptosis plays a role in the pathophysiology of early degeneration. Apoptosis The normally occurring death of cells that can be hastened through adverse events such as trauma, ischemia and stroke. Compare with "autologous transplantation." Amniotic fluid stem cell A type of cell derived from amniotic fluid, which is the liquid that surrounds a developing fetus in the amniotic sac. Allogeneic transplantation (allotransplantation) Transplanting organs, tissues or cells from one person to another. Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics protocols have been developed to generate adult stem cell-derived bonelike, nerve-like and heart-like tissues. Adult stem cell A type of stem cell found in organs of the body that can be used for regenerative interventions. From "adult stem cells" to "xenotransplantation," learn about common and specialized regenerative medicine terms.
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